2018年中考英语教学指导：名词复习教案
名词1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：
①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives
2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格：
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China’s population(中国的人口).
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]：
① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s, a friend of mine
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式： The computer was a great invention.The water in the glass is very cold.
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school, audience等)做句子主语时,
①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.
如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：
The trousersareverycheap and I want to take them.
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of studentsare playingbaseball now.A lot of time was wasted on that work. (被动句)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now./ Fish and chipsisvery famous food. 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and Iare required to be here tomorrow.
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right. / Neither you norIamgoingthere.
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time. Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离). 13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English / A third of the students were playing near the lake. 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China? / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人). (句子用复数)
中考链接：
B．根据句意和首字母提示，写出相应的单词
1.T comes after Wednesday.(考点：星期)
2.The tree leaves turn yellow in a .（考点：季节）
3.We have three m a day: breakfast, lunch and supper. (考点：名词复数)
4. Ban Ki-moon was chosen as the eighth leader of the U. N. in____(十月)（考点：月份）
5. Max likes Cindy's painting very much.（考点：whose问物主）
6. Tim is______. Ho stayed update to watch the 2008 NBA All Star Game. （考点：名词短语）
A. a lazy man B. a good swimmer
C. a basketball fan D. a helpful student
7. —A picture of the White House? (考点：专有名词---首都与国家)
—Yes, I took it in________.
A. London B. Washington C. Paris D. Bangkok
8.Be careful with these _______（小刀）.They are very sharp. (考点：名词复数)
9.Thanks for your suggestions. They will be of great ___________（value）to us.（考点：不可数名词）
10.Having many___________(帮手)makes a task easier. （考点：many+名词复数）
11.Huaguo Mountain has become the ___________(象征)of Lianyungang. （考点：名词短语）
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