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句子的种类
1．英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。
A．陈述句。
~1 陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。
a．陈述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night.
b．陈述句的否定形式。
（1）谓语动词是系动词be, 助动词have, will, shall, be或情态动词，只须在其后面加not构成否定句。
She isn't a student . / He hasn't been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren't sleeping .
（2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上do not，第三人称单数现在时用does not，过去时用did not。
He didn't send me an invitation .
（3）由具有否定含义的词never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等构成的否定句。
Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
B. 疑问句。
~1 疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
a．一般疑问句：以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始，语调为升调，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。
（1）一般疑问句的基本结构：
Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+主语+表语…？
Have动词(表示"有"：have, has, had)+主语+宾语…？
情态动词(can, may, must等)+主语+行为动词或be…?
助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动词…？
助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+行为动词…？
（2）否定形式的疑问句，通常把助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答：
Aren't you a student? Yes, I am .(不，我是) No, I am not .(对，我不是)
b．特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who, what, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how开头。
（1）如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .
（2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用"疑问词＋一般疑问句"形式。Where have you been ?
c．选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no 来回答。
（1）疑问句＋选择成分1＋or＋选择成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ?
（2）特殊问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei .
d．反意疑问句：陈述部分＋提问部分。
（1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。 ◎前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes, 非事实回答用No . ◎前陈述句用降调，后问句用升调；如对前陈述句内容有把握，后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。
（2）陈述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don't(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone时，附加疑问句需分别用：don't, didn't, shouldn't, usedn't / didn't, will, they等。
My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn't / didn't she ? Don't turn on the TV set, will you ?
（3）陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn't he ?
（4）在"I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句"中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。
I don't think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn't he ?
（5）在含有情态动词must 的句子中，若must 表示推测，提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时，用needn't。若mustn't表示禁止时，提问用must。
He must be tired, isn't he ？ You must go to Gaozhou, needn't ？ You mustn't smoke here, must you ?
（6）陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用will you(表请求)。注：let's 用shall we（包括说话人），let us 用will you（不包括说话人）。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let's go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?
e．祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。（省主语，动词用原形）
（1）let + 第一人称，第三人称＋（not）动词原形。Let me try again .
（2）动词原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully .
（3）Don't (never)+动词原形＋其他成分。Don't look out of the window .
（4）Do+动词原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance .
f．感叹句：表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾用"！"。What 修饰名词，how 修饰形容词、副词。
（1） How ＋ 形容词 / 副词。
◎ How + 形容词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ooo ！ How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is !
◎ How ＋ 副词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ooo ！ How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !
◎ How + 形容词 ＋ a / an + 名词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ooo ！How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
（2）What + 名词。
◎ What + a / an ＋ 形容词 ＋ 可数名词单数＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ooo ！ What a fine day it is today !
What an honest man his father is !
◎ What ＋ 形容词 ＋ 可数名词复数 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ooo！What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are !
◎ What ＋ 形容词 ＋ 不可数名词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ooo ！What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is ! |
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发表于 2016-7-29 16:06:43