中考英语：实用英语写作技巧 转换词语

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　　第三十四单元 转换词语Transitional Words and Phrases
　　34.1 Introduction
　　In the writing of English compositions，we have to use transitional words or phrases in order to make logical connections between individual sentences and paragraphs as well as enhance the overall coherence of an essay.Otnerwise，the paragraph or the essaywill be loosely connected.To see the difference，let's compare the following two versions of a paragraph：
　　（1）
　　Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds.Writing uses written symbols.Speech developed about 500，000 years ago.Written language is a comparatively recent development.It was invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually Informal.The word choice in writing is often relatively formal.Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing.A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the writtenlanguage of most countries.Speech relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice.Writing lacks gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the difference.
　　（2）
　　Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds；writing，on the other hand，uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500，000 years ago，but written language is a comparatively recent development，invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually informal，while the word choice of writing，by contrast，is often relatively formal.Although pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing，a standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries.Speech relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice，but writing lacks these features.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
　　34.2 Analysis of the above two versions
　　In paragraph（1），almost all connections are missing.Therefore，it is rather difficult for us to tell in how many ways speaking and writing are different.In paragraph（2），however，by using the six comparsion and contrast transitions，“on the other hand”，“but”，“while”，“by contrast”and“although”，we can easily identify that speaking and writing are different in six aspects.
　　34.3 常用的转换词语类型（Types of Commonly Used Transitional Words or Phrases）
　　1）Listing列举
　　first，second，third
　　firstly，secondly，thirdly
　　first，furthermore，finally
　　in the first place，in the second place，finally
　　last but not least
　　first and most important
　　to begin with，next，then，finally
　　the former…the latter the first step，the second step，the
　　next step
　　2）Illustrating（giving examples）说明（举例）
　　for example（f.e.） including
　　for instance（i.d.） mainly
　　namely such as
　　3）Emphasizing强调
　　obviously certainly
　　undoubtedly especially
　　surely above all
　　indeed most important of all
　　in fact most importantly
　　very likely
　　4）Paralleling并列
　　or that is，that's to say not only…but（also）
　　and in other words both…and as well as
　　neither…nor either…or
　　5）Adding补充
　　also（too） gain furthermore
　　further moreover what is more
　　then in addition besides
　　as well（as）