初三英语上册重点知识：被动语态

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　　被动语态(Introducion of Passive Voice)
        　　一、 主动语态与被动语态的概念：
        　　英语动词的语态有两种：
        　　⑴主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者
        　　⑵被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者(常常没在有必要指出动作的执行者情况下使用)
        　　例：They speak English. (主动语态)
        　　主 谓 宾
        　　English is spoken by them. (被动语态)
        　　主 谓 介词短语
        　　注：★及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语态。
        　　例：⑴We listen to the teacher carefully in class.
        　　主 谓 宾
        　　→The teacher is listened to by us carefully in class.
        　　主　 谓　 介词短语
        　　⑵We laughed at him .
        　　→ He was laughed at by us.
        　　二、 被动语态的结构与用法：
        　　1.结构：be +done (过去分词)
        　　被动语态中的be为助动词，无意义。be可能是am , is , are也可能是was ,were或原形be。
        　　注：★被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be后面的过去分词不变。
        　　2.用法：
        　　例：①History is made by the people. (一般现在时)
        　　②The cars were made in Tianjing in 1995. (一般过去时)
        　　③The tree will be cut down next year.(一般将来时)
        　　④The room must be kept clean.　(含有情态动词的被动语态)
        　　⑤The door is being opened.　(现在进行时)
        　　⑥The film has been seen by me.　(现在完成时)
        　　三、★使用被动语态的场合
        　　1、 不知道或不必指出动作的执行者时。如：
        　　Computers are widely used in transport.
        　　The house has been broken into.
        　　2、 强调动作的承受者时。如：
        　　A third ring will be built around this city.
        　　3、 出于策略、婉转、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者时。如：
        　　Much has been said but little has been done about the issue.
        　　4、 有些措词故意避免用主语，或用“有人”、“大家”之类，经常用it作形式主语构成被动语态结构。如：
        　　It is said that another steel plant will be set up in this city.
        　　特别记住下列句型：
        　　It is hoped that … 希望……
        　　It is supposed that … 据推测说……
        　　It must be pointed out that … 必须指出……
        　　It will be seen that … 由此可以看出……
        　　It is known that … 据说……
        　　It is well known that …众所周知……
        　　It is believed that … 有人相信……
        　　It is thought that … 人们认为……
        　　四、 被动语态的各种句型：
        　　1、 The song is liked by young people. (肯定句)
        　　2、 The song isn’t liked by young people　　(否定句)
        　　3、 Is the song liked by young people ?　　　(一般疑问句)
        　　4、 Who is the song liked by ?=By whom is the song liked?　(特殊疑问句)

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        　　五、 主动语态改被动语态的方法：
        　　方法分为三步：⑴把原句中的宾语改成主语
        　　⑵动词改为变动形式be done(同时注意时态)
        　　⑶原来的主语如果需要的话放在介词by后面，以指明做的
        　　人或物，如果没有必要则省去
        　　例：The man killed a tiger.
        　　→ A tiger was killed by the man .(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面)
        　　六、 特殊句型的被动语态：
        　　⑴含有使役动词(make /let /have)或感官动词(hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch,
feel等)的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to,
但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。
        　　例：①Mother often makes me do some housework.
        　　→I am often made to do some housework by mother.
        　　②We saw him run into the classroom.
        　　→He was seen to run into the classroom by us.
        　　⑵teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy,
tell等动词常常带有两个宾语(双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语)，改为被动语态时，两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。如果直接宾语被提前作主语，那么间接宾语(一般是人)前要加相应的介词to/for。
        　　例：①She gave me a pen.= She gave a pen to me.
        　　→I was given a pen by her.
        　　→A pen was given to me by her.
        　　②My father bought me a new bike.= My father bought a new bike for me.
        　　→I was bought a new bike by my father.
        　　→A new bike was bought for me by my father.
        　　⑶由不及物动词(vi)+介词/副词+宾语的句子改成被动语态时，介词或副词不能丢掉。(前面已举过两例)
        　　例：①We should speak to old people politely.
        　　→Old people should be spoken to politely ( by us).
        　　②He took away the box..
        　　→The box was taken away by him.
        　　⑷含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。(宾补放在原来位置不变)
        　　例：①We call him Xiao Ma.
        　　主 谓　 宾 宾补
        　　→He is called Xiao Ma by us.
        　　②He found the book very interesting.
        　　→The book was found very interesting by him.
        　　七、 没有被动语态的动词：
        　　1. 没有被动语态的词， 表示状态或特征的及物动词如 cost, fit, have, suit, write well(好写),sell
well(好卖)等没有被动形式，另外，诸如happen = take place, break out(爆发)，break down(坏了)
等不及物动词或短语以及诸如result from(缘于)，belong to,等只用主动语态，而不用被动语态
        　　2不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态: appear,　die ,disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, last(持续),
lie, remain, sit, spread(传播), stand, come true, fall asleep, ...
        　　3.大多数系动词：be , feel (摸起来)，sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来)
taste(尝起来)等词无被动语态，它们的主动形式表示被动意义。
        　　例：①The skirt feels very soft. 这件裙子摸起来很柔软。
        　　②Many changes have happened in our hometown.
        　　③The film lasted for 3 hours.
        　　Exercises of passive voice

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        　　语法专练
        　　一、把下列主动语态改为被动语态:
        　　1. We often use a recorder in our English class.
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　2. They will show a new film next week.
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　3. When did they build the house?
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　4. I saw the boy enter the room.
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　5. Will they show a new film next week?
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　6. We often see him help his classmate.
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　7. You must turn off the light before you go to bed.
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　8. Who is repairing the bike?
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　9. The student should learn all the texts by heart.
        　　_______________________________________________________________________________.
        　　二、选择填空:
        　　1. The reading room ________ yesterday afternoon.
        　　A. cleaned B. is cleaned C. was cleaning D. was cleaned
        　　2. The workers were made ________ ten hours a day.
        　　A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
        　　3. Food ________ in a cool place in summer.
        　　A. must keep B. mustn’t keep C. must be kept D. mustn’t be kept
        　　4. His father ________ to work in Hong Kong 3 years ago.
        　　A. sent B. was sent C. has sent D. has been sent
        　　5. The pen ________ well.
        　　A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing
        　　6. Great changes ________ in the town since 1988.
        　　A. have taken place B. have been taken place
        　　C. has taken place D. has been taken place
        　　7. Our compositions must ________ next Monday.
        　　A. be hand in B. be handed in C. handed in D. be handing in
        　　8. The child will ________ back to his parents next month.
        　　A. sent B. send C. be sent D. be sending
        　　9. ________ his work ________ yet?
        　　A. have…been finished B. has …been finished
        　　C. has …finished D. have…finished
        　　10. The classroom ________ now
        　　A. is cleaning B. is being cleaning
        　　C. is being cleaned D. is cleaned

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        　　11. I promise that matter will _______.
        　　A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of
        　　12. No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building.
        　　A. been given B. given C. to give D. be given
        　　13. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
        　　A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
        　　14. Can such a thing _____ happening again?
        　　A. prevent from B. prevented from
        　　C. be prevented from D. to prevent from
        　　15. A new house ________ at the corner of the road.
        　　A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building
        　　16. This bike ________ last year.
        　　A. bought B. has been bought C. was bought D. had been bough
        　　17. Did you see the house that _______ by fire last year?
        　　A. was destroying B. destroyed C. would destroy D. was destroyed
        　　18. It _______ whether she will get her work in the hospital.
        　　A. hasn’t been decided B. isn’t deciding
        　　C. doesn’t decide D. hasn’t decided
        　　19. The pen _______ me. It is hers.
        　　A. isn’t belong to B. wasn’t belong to
        　　C. doesn’t belong to D. didn’t belong to
        　　20. I can’t use my bike because it _______.
        　　A. is repairing B. is being repaired C. will repair D. was repairing
        　　21. The chairman told the speaker that she ______ to speak a little louder
so as to make herself _____.
        　　A. was expected; heard B. had expected; hear
        　　C. had hoped; hear D. was hoped; heard
        　　22.---- The window is dirty.
        　　---- I know. It _____ for weeks.
        　　A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean
        　　C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
        　　23. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _______ in Beijing.
        　　A. would be completed B. was being completed
        　　C. has been completed D. had been completed
        　　24.—How long _______ at this job?
        　　—Since 1990.
        　　A. were you employed B. have you been employed
        　　C. had you been employed D .will you be employed

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        　　25.—What happened to the priceless works of art?
        　　—_____________________.
        　　A. They were destroyed in the earthquake
        　　B. The earthquake was destroying them
        　　C. They destroyed in the earthquake
        　　D. The earthquake destroyed them
        　　26. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He ______ trying to save a
child in the earthquake.
        　　A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
        　　27. Rainforests ______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear
from the earth in the near future.
        　　A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
        　　28. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because
technology _______ so rapidly.
        　　A. s changing B. has changed C .will have changed D. will change
        　　29. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes.
        　　A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose
        　　30. A new cinema _______ here. They hope to finish it next month.
        　　A. will be built B. is built
        　　C. has been built D. is being built
        　　三、用适当时态和语态的动词填空:
        　　1. Can he ________ (speak) English?
        　　2. What language ________ (speak) in that country?
        　　3. The film ________ (show) many times since last Sunday.
        　　4. These TV sets ________ (make) in Sichuan.
        　　5. It has got so dark. Would you please ________ (turn) on the light?
        　　6. A new hospital ________ (build) in this area now.
        　　7. ________ the book ________ (return).
        　　8. Rice ________ (grow) in the south.
        　　9. The window ________ (not break) by the boy.
        　　10. I ________ (tell) that he ________ (not come) just now.
        　　四、 用所给动词的正确形式填空
        　　1. English ________ (speak) in many countries.
        　　2. Information in short-term memory ________ (can, not, keep) very
long.
        　　3. After that, one of the lights _______ (turn off) and the rat had to wait
for a short time.
        　　4. Just a few years ago, tomatoes _______ (believe) to have magical powers,
making people who ate them fall in love.
        　　5. It is said new copies of the book _______ (print) now.
        　　6. The old house _______ (pull) down next month.
        　　7. In the old days, the children _______ (take care of) by the mother
because she did not work outside the house.
        　　8. Needless to say, the second list of words ___ (can, remember) more
easily than the first
        　　one.
        　　9. She _______ (send) to another village when I got there.
        　　10. The teacher said that we _________ (give) another chance sometime next
month if we

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        　　英语被动句的翻译举例
        　　英语被动句翻译为汉语时，应根据具体情况灵活掌握。
        　　1.
用“被”、“由”、“受(到)”、“挨”、“得到”、“给”、“叫……给”、“让……(给)”、“是……的”、“为……所”、“加以”等译成汉语的被动句。例如：
        　　1)The door was mended by him.
        　　门被他修好了。/ 门叫(让)他给修好了。/ 门是他修的。
        　　2)He was praised(表扬). But we were criticized(批评;责备).
        　　3)The machine is used by many people. 这台机器为(被)许多人所使用。
        　　4)The problem must be studied carefully. 这个问题必须仔细加以研究。
        　　2. 借助句中的状语等做主语，译成汉语的主动句。例如：
        　　1)All kinds of drinks are sold in that supermarket.
        　　在那家超市里卖各种各样的饮料。或：那家超市卖各种各样的饮料。
        　　2)Table tennis is played all over China.
        　　中国各地都打乒乓球。
        　　3.按照英语句子的主谓顺序，译成可省“被”字的汉语句。例如：
        　　1)His homework has just been done.
        　　他的家庭作业刚做完。
        　　2)The food has been eaten up.
        　　食物已吃光了。
        　　4.成汉语的无主句。例如：
        　　1)Soon the news was received.
        　　不久就收到了那个消息。也可译为：不久那个消息就收到了。
        　　2)After a while, many people were seen to run out.
        　　过来一会儿，看到许多人跑了出来。
        　　5. 添加“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等泛指的主语译成汉语。或译为“据……”。例如：
        　　1)He was seen to take the book.
        　　有人看见他拿走了那本书。
        　　2)Air is known to be a mixture of gases.
        　　人们(大家，我们)都知道空气是一种气体的混合物。
        　　3)She is said to know nothing about it.
        　　据说她对这件事什么也不知道。
        　　4)It is said that …. 据说……
        　　It is well known that …. 大家知道……;众所周知……
        　　It is believed that …. 有人相信……
        　　It will be said that…. 有人(将)会说……
        　　It was reported that… 据报道……
        　　6. 改译成主动句。例如：
        　　1)A new dress was made for me by my mother.
        　　我妈妈给我做了一条新裙子。
        　　2)I was given many nice presents on my birthday.
        　　在我的生日那天，我收到了许多漂亮的礼物。