备战2012中考：中考英语完形填空详细解析

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　　完形填空是关于语言总体理解的一种测试形式，是典型的"智能混合"题型，它融单项选择与阅读理解为一体，涉及到词汇、语法、逻辑推理等各种知识。对于这类题目，要求学生知识面要广，要有比较扎实的基本功；要掌握大量的单词、词组和习语，了解他们的各种变化形式和用法；要有坚实的语法基础，熟练掌握和运用动词的时态、语态及句子结构的能力。除此之外，还要有较强的语感，能够根据上下文的语境进行猜测，推断，作出正确的选择。其考查点有：
        　　能够掌握足够的词汇量，正确运用词类和词语的习惯搭配。包括名词、代词、冠词、动词等词类和短语。
        　　基础语法知识。包括句法、固定搭配、句型、词语习惯用法、时态、语态、主从复合句和非限定动词等。
        　　还应具有一定的语言运用能力、阅读能力、理解能力、综合分析能力和逻辑判断能力。
        　　（1）以语篇为载体，测试语言知识和语言能力。试题既考查学生对短文的整体理解能力，也考查学生运用语法知识、词汇知识的能力以及对事物的逻辑推理、分析判断能力。
        　　（2）以意义填空为主。试题在着重考查考生阅读理解能力的前提下，兼顾对语言知识、常识、逻辑推理能力的考查。
        　　（3）降低对单词本身词义的考查要求，注重考查对全文意义的理解。中考完形填空预备选项中所涉及的词汇基本上都是常见的初级词汇。
        　　（4）考点分布符合考查目的。试题以名词、动词、形容词和副词等信息词汇为考查重点，淡化对介词、连词、冠词等结构词的考查，以检测学生在具体情境中灵活运用所学知识的能力。所设空白处，名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这五类词共占80％。
        　　（5）有的采用主观试题形式。有些完形填空题全部舍弃了学生们平时接触较多的"四选一"形式，而改之以"自由完形填空"形式，除了要求填入单词外，有的还设置了要求填入词组或短语的空格。
        　　（一）题型介绍
        　　完形填空是各类英语试题中固定而重要的题型。这种题型归纳起来有如下特点：
        　　1. 在整份试卷中所占的分值较重，占10－15分，长度一般在130－200个单词左右。
        　　2. 降低了对单词本身的考查要求，重点考查考生对短文的整体理解，上下文的段落衔接，理解分析及推理判断能力。
        　　3. 针对初中学生的实际水平，一般采用以故事为主的记叙文，尽量避免专业性太强的文章或议论文体。近年来出现了以意义选择为主，语法选择逐渐减少的趋势。
        　　完形填空有多种形式，但它在基本设计原则上都是一致的。形式都是从短文中抽去若干词，让考生根据上下文填入适当的词，为了有助于考生填入适当的词，可以提供四个答案（其中包括一个正确答案），让考生选出正确的答案；也可以给出单词首字母进行完形填空，或者给出字母及单词长度（由几个字母组成）；也可以不给考生提供任何线索，完全凭借考生对文章的理解和现有的语言能力完成。
        　　完形填空要求学生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识妥善地处理好每个单词，理解句意，还要处理好单句之间以及单句与全文之间的内在关系，选出适当的词填空，使文章完整与通顺。
        　　完形填空题要求填入的词主要有：构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词；名词和介词；根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词；同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主，兼顾虚词和语法结构、难点主要集中在根据上下文正确判断词的用法上。
        　　1. 选择型完形填空
        　　2. 短文缺词填空
         

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        　　（二）解题指导
        　　1. 选择型完形填空解题方法
        　　完形填空对考生的能力要求比较高。要顺利解答这类考题，必须要有扎实的语言基础知识和综合运用所学英语知识的能力以及一定的分析、推理判断能力。还应熟悉各种体裁、题材的文章，具有一定的语感和快速阅读能力。
        　　完整填空：一般在文中的第一句和最后一句不会挖空。主要涉及到动词、名词（含代词）、形容词、副词、介词、连词也常出现。做完形填空题要注意整体性原则，强调对文章整体的理解。就内容而言，它又有前因后果、地点、时间、人物等要素。所以，第一步应通读全文，了解大意。其次注意词与词、句与句、主句与分句之间的连贯性与衔接性。因此，在做题时必须始终注意上下文之间，词与词之间从意义到语法上的合理搭配。诚然，弄懂第一句和最后一句也事关全局。与此同时，还不可忽略文中的过渡词。
        　　在解题时可按以下步骤和方法进行。
        　　（1）通读全文，了解大意。
        　　通读全文时，跳过空格快速阅读，弄清文章的基本含义。先快速阅读全文，可使我们对文章的整体结构和中心思想有个基本的了解。有利于进一步把握全文所讲内容，篇章结构，时态语态的变化，为后面的答题创造条件，但通读宜粗、直、快。切忌看一句做一句，看一空填一空，断章取意，那会进入误区，即使所填答案符合本句要求，也未必符合全文的要求。通读的目的仅在于掌握大意，切不可把宝贵的时间浪费在个别字句的推敲上。
        　　（2）重视首句的开篇启示作用
        　　完形填空所采用的短文一般不给标题，但短文的首句通常用以点明短文的性质，如叙事、议论等，这是我们探索短文全貌的"窗口"，可以以首句的时态、语态为立足点进行思考，判断文章的体裁，推测全文的大意及主题，所以应该重视首句的启示作用。
        　　（3）抓住关键词，根据上下文解题
        　　解题时，要遵循忠于全文大意和主题这一原则，联系上下文展开逻辑推理分析，要迅速找出那些在短文中起重要作用的关键词，了解所提问题的特定语境，语篇中的内在关系。
        　　在解题过程中，应遵循"先易后难"的原则，遇到个别难题不易判断时，可先跳过去，去解决那些靠上下文能确定的，比较直接明确的问题，随着下文的展开和文章的深入，或许在前面难以判断的题，下文就有暗示，甚至有明确的表示。因此，在选择答案时，应特别注意联系前后句，充分利用上下文为确定答案提供有用信息。
        　　（4）重读全文，验证答案
        　　在全部空格补全以后，一定要根据填好的答案重读全文，看文章是否流畅，前后是否矛盾，语法结构是否无误。如果发现哪些地方读起来不流畅，那就说明那里有毛病，就要进行仔细推敲，验证。
        　　总之，解答完形填空题，不仅需要扎实的语言基本功与严密的逻辑推理能力，还需要加强阅读训练，掌握正确的解题方法和技巧，只有这样，才能在考试时得心应手，考出好成绩。
        　　2. 短文缺词填空解题步骤
        　　短文缺词填空是要求学生在正确理解和把握文章意思的基础上通过分析行文线索来填写空缺单词的一种考查形式，它是考查学生综合运用英语思维能力的一种有效方法。要完成好这类题，做到事半功倍，需要掌握一定的方法与技巧。
        　　（1）从全局把握文章大意
        　　要填的单词肯定是在一定的语言环境中才能确定，只有把握全局才能有主导方向，才能有助于正确理解空缺词所在的句子，从而缩小词意的选择范围。
        　　（2）从语法上加以把握
        　　一般的空缺词都可以通过其所在的句型结构和句法成分来判断其词性，这样可以缩小词的选择范围。
        　　（3）从行文上确定词的形式
        　　当确定一个单词的词性后可通过其上下文来帮助判断其形式，如动词的第三人称单数形式，过去式、过去分词、现在分词、名词的单复数、代词的各种所有格及单复数，形容词的比较级与最高级等。
        　　（4）通读全文，验证答案。
        　　填完所有单词后，不可孤立地逐个词检查，而必须将所有填入的词代入文章中，复读全文，仔细检查所填词是否符合文章的情景内容，读起来是否流畅，合乎句法，单词拼写是否有误，单词形式是否正确等，发现问题及时更正。通过再读全文，很可能利用语感将个别特别难的空处顺口"读"出来。
         

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        　　【模拟试题】
        （一）
        　　Have you ever talked with friends in class? Putin did the 1 . He would secretly tell others what to say when the teacher was asking them for a(n) 2 .
        　　It seemed that young Putin was not good at 3 things. He sometimes forgot to finish his maths homework. Once he forgot to wear school uniform（校服）. His teacher had to ask him to 4 the classroom. But young Putin did very well in the moral class（品德课）. He 5 got full marks.
        　　He also showed a strong love of his motherland at an early age.
        　　1. A. some B. same C. so D. it
        　　2. A. question B. problem C. answer D. sentence
        　　3. A. forgetting B. learning C. making D. remembering
        　　4. A. get into B. get off C. get on D. get out of
        　　5. A. always B. never C. sometimes D. seldom
        （二）
        　　We are going to take a test today. It will show if we are 1 to get in an honours class next year. But, I don't think it is 2 for me. It is the maths part -- my favourite.
        　　We take the test by computer. There 3 52 questions for us to do in one hour.
        　　The boy behind me 4 nervous. The girl to my left was nervous, 5 . But 6 I began answering the questions, I saw the whole thing 7 a game. I tried to 8 easy ways to do the maths problems. At the end of the test, my score was 307. but what does it mean? I have no idea. I asked my friend John. He got 227. When he knew my score, he said. "Oh my God. You're a genius!" So, I asked 9 people, and got the same answers. Finally, I walked up to Lauren.
        　　"David! How did you do on the MAP test?"I answered, "If I 10 you, will you kill me?"
        　　1. A. enough smart B. too smart C. smart enough D. very smart
        　　2. A. hard B. easy C. different D. interesting
        　　3. A. was B. had C. were D. have
        　　4. A. was looking B. looked C. looks D. was looked
        　　5. A. either B. also C. yet D. too
        　　6. A. when B. after C. before D. while
        　　7. A. for B. like C. to D. as
        　　8. A. look B. find out C. find D. search
        　　9. A. other B. another C. the other D. others
        　　10. A. told B. am telling C. will tell D. tell
         

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        （三）
        　　Two days ago I was quite sure of getting an "A"for my Spanish. I had got myself 1 . I looked for 2 on the Internet for a week. I wrote a 3 and I even drew a few pictures of Spain. I practiced the speech a lot.
        　　On the day of my speech, I didn't get nervous or forget 4 I was going to say. However, everybody has one thing they are 5 at. Some people are bad at drawing pictures. 6 are bad at typing. My problem is that my stories about Spanish history sounded boring.
        　　After giving my speech and showing my pictures I 7 I was going to get a bad grade.
        　　Big projects are very difficult for me to finish. They 8 a lot of time, and I always 9 the day it has to be finished and the grade I'll get .
        　　Anyway, I ended up getting an "A-". The teacher said I 10 all my classmates listen - I was talking very loudly!
        　　1. A. ready B. excited C. interested D. worried
        　　2. A. news B. information C. dictionaries D. papers
        　　3. A. book B. story C. speech D. joke
        　　4. A. who B. where C. when D. what
        　　5. A. good B. bad C. interesting D. glad
        　　6. A. The other B. Another C. Others D. Other
        　　7. A. thought B. though C. taught D. brought
        　　8. A. cost B. spend C. pay D. take
        　　9. A. worry about B. think about C. tell about D. know about
        　　10. A. make B. made C. am making D. has made
        （四）
        　　David is a middle school student. He lived in a small 1 for fifteen years. His father, Mr Hill, was a rich farmer and later on he 2 a shop in our town. He bought a house here last month. His 3 moved to the new house and his son began to study in our class. But he had 4 friends here. At first he often played by 5 .
        　　His neighbour Cathy is a kind girl. She has many friends. She finds the boy never talks with anybody and decides to help him. David 6 to stay with her and talks to her a lot. Now they're good friends.
        　　One afternoon, Cathy told David. "It'll be my sixteenth birthday tomorrow. I'll have a birthday party. Will you please come?"
        　　" 7 . I'm glad to," the boy said happily.
        　　David got home and thought of a 8 he could give to Cathy. He was sorry that he 9 to ask the girl what she liked. He couldn't call her because he didn't know her telephone 10 . At that moment Mrs Hill came and asked, "What's the matter, dear?"
        　　"What would you like if it was your sixteenth birthday, Mummy?"
        　　"Nothing,"the woman said, "I just with I were 16."
        　　1. A. town B. city C. village D. country
        　　2. A. open B. opens C. opened D. opening
        　　3. A. home B. house C. building D. family
        　　4. A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
        　　5. A. himself B. him C. his D. he
        　　6. A. enjoy B. enjoys C. like D. likes
        　　7. A. Well B. Oh C. Mm D. Certainly
        　　8. A. prize B. praise C. present D. price
        　　9. A. forgot B. forget C. remember D. remembered
        　　10. A. code（密码） B. number C. place D. address
         

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        （五）
        　　The world 1 many interesting sounds. Some are unpleasant to our ears while 2 are very pleasant to hear. In single day you probably hear 3 sounds. All sounds are different. Some 4 loud, some sounds are high, others are low, some sounds are useful.
        　　5 sound we can't talk or listen to each other. The ringing of the alarm clock wakes people up. The hooting（鸣笛声）of a car warns people of danger.
        　　Some sounds are harmful. When planes fly low 6 the land; the very loud sounds can damage the house. Very loud sound can even make people deaf.
        　　We know sound travels about one kilometer in three 7 . In a thunder storm you see the lighting first and then hear the thunder. This is because light travels 8 than sound.
        　　Next time you see lighting count the number of seconds before you hear the thunder.
        　　Divide this number 9 3. This will tell you 10 kilometers away the thunder storm is.
        　　1. A. full of B. fill with C. is filled of D. is filled with
        　　2. A. others B. the other C. another D. the others
        　　3. A. hundreds of B. hundred of C. hundreds D. hundred
        　　4. A. may B. maybe C. may be D. can
        　　5. A. Of B. With C. Without D. By
        　　6. A. in B. on C. above D. over
        　　7. A. hours B. days C. minutes D. seconds
        　　8. A. more fast B. much faster C. more faster D. much fast
        　　9. A. in B. of C. by D. at
        　　10. A. how much B. how many C. how far D. how long
        （六）
        　　I have visited many places: the states of Missouri, Michigan, Florida, Wisconsin, and Washington D.C. But, I think Chicago in Illinois is the 1 place.
        　　When I come home from school, I see a beautiful 2 . A rabbit is running in the garden, a squirrel 3 on a tree, and a robin is in the branches.
        　　In the summer it gets hot, 4 not as hot as Nanjing. Autumn and spring are cool and bright. I can see flocks of 5 flying south for the winter. I can hear crickets（蟋蟀）in the evening, 6 during the winter. of course.
        　　Today, when I come home, there are dry 7 leaves on the ground.
        　　Not 8 in the world has robins, crickets, rabbits and squirrels. There's no 9 near the equator（赤道）. Every place is beautiful, but this place is 10 more beautiful.
        　　1. A. biggest B. nicest C. coldest D. must expensive
        　　2. A. car B. girl C. picture D. dance
        　　3. A. walks B. sits C. talks D. swims
        　　4. A. but B. so C. then D. or
        　　5. A. tigers B. planes C. ducks D. wild geese
        　　6. A. for B. except C. expect D. besides
        　　7. A. falling B. fell C. fallen D. falls
        　　8. A. anywhere B. somewhere C. nowhere D. everywhere
        　　9. A. sun B. snow C. wind D. animals
        　　10. A. no B. even C. ever D. never
        　　【试题答案】
        　　（一）BCDDA
        　　（二）CABBD，ADCAD
        　　（三）ABCDB，CADAB
        　　（四）CCDBA，DDCAB
        　　（五）DAACC，DDBCB
        　　（六）BCBAD，BCDBB